Bulletin 184. 5–1°. The specific heat is the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. 15 r/d=0. A spring bacK-Factor of Ks=1 means there is. Nut-Factor (Nut-Factor) 0. These are 304 SS material. Concrete (Dry) Rubber. f = Coefficient of friction factor or Coefficient of friction factor. The making of steel involves many processes and stages. 4 - 10 Rotary Meter (Star or Cog. 6. The bend deduction, sometimes called the bend compensation, describes how much the outside of the sheet has been stretched. But whether you call it K-factor, Y-factor, or neutral factor, if you’re working with us, there’s one important thing that you should know: Don’t worry about it. 6. a. The constant volume law governs the bending process, the bend material particles distribution, and deformation types are also crucial for this process. Is it used in a variety of industries due to its combination of strength and corrosion resistance versus cost. 33 K factor 0. Sponsored Links. 098 0. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. A = 1. The tensile, fracture, and fatigue crack growth properties of 316L stainless steel (SS) produced using the selective laser melting (SLM) technique were evaluated and compared with those of conventionally manufactured (CM) austenitic SSs. Cold Working. 8 538 16 21 1387 35 41 55 1985 51 59 78 2319 59 68 91 6 1 763 27 36 1968 60 70 93 2816 86 100 133 3291 101 117 155layer containing air gaps (m2K/W) R ub Is the total thermal resistance of the construction ignoring thermal bridges (m2K/W) ∆U’’ Is the air gap correction factor as defined in BS EN ISO 6946 (Annex D). 4301/1. 67. Thermal Expansion of Steel. 1 ~ 1. Canvas belt, woven, on steel. The bend deduction, sometimes called the bend compensation, describes how much the outside of the sheet has been stretched. Recycled steel 1kg = 0. F1 and F1FR Series Conventional Sprinklers. Product code: ISBN: 978-0-87170-503-7. Because SS304 contains 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni), it’s also known as 18/8 stainless steel. Ultra-high strength-to-weight ratio. 0 mm), SUS445 (t = 0. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator. F1FR80VdS Series Quick-Response Sprinkler. Requirement is based on minimum flow in GPM from each sprinkler. 2 in. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. OSSB = tan (bend angle ÷ 2) x (Ir + Mt) Recall that BA is the difference between the total formed dimensions and the flat dimensions. 000013 : Commercial steel (enamel coated) We are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. Bend Allowance (BA) = (Π/180) × ( R + K×T) × A. Wrench. The three roughness regimes are as follows: Dynamically smooth: 0 ≤ u*ε/ν ≤ 5. Greater resistance to the elements than 304 stainless. 7709. The two main frictions used are static friction and kinetic friction. where T is the torque measurement, K is the nut factor, F is the tension and D is the bolt diameter. 2, θ / σ 0. ASM Specialty Handbook - Stainless Steel - J. It is used in applications with an operating range of -65° to +2,400°F (-54°C to. 6% max), chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, etc. General Instructions A leak tight 1/2 in. 304 stainless steel: 2–3°. I work on Solidworks Sheet Metal for designing sheet metal boxes, plates, hoppers,etc. Overall heat transfer coefficient (k) is a measure of the resistance to heat flow, made up of the resistances caused by the plate material, amount of foul-ing, nature of the fluids and type of exchanger used. The K-factor is simply the tangent of half the bend angle. Importance of the K-factor in sheet metal design. K-Factor– A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. 2 bar (60 psi) maximum PRESSURE END CONNECTION 1/2" BSPT (1/2” NPT Optional) K-FACTOR K-42 Standard (K-2. Type QL transformers meet DOE 2016 efficiency standards. The FTB4800 provides a wide range flow metering in a stainless steel package. 8 kg. i use inventor and have now got astoundingly accurate components to these k factors. 2% Offset Strength in 2 in. It enters a region where da/dN is linearly dependent upon log ΔK. 64-Rubber (60 A Belt) Rubber (40 A Belt) . At this level, chromium reacts5. Type 304 has good processability, weldability,. , thermal power per unit area, q = ddot {Q}/dA. AISI SAE 4130 alloy steel can be made into steel plate, steel sheet, round and flat steel bar, steel pipe and tube, etc. Churchill Friction Factor Formulae and Calculator ; Pipe Friction Equations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow ; Link to this Webpage: Copy Text to clipboard. 80, [7] a melting range of 1300–1350 °C, an electrical conductivity of approximately 34% IACS , and (in the annealed state) a hardness of 65 Rockwell B. These are 304 SS material. Stainless Steel 296 x 10 -5 35 x 10–5 Copper 326 x 10 -5 44 x 10 -5 Aluminum 415 x 10 -5 47 x 10 -5 Iron 198 x 10 -518 x 10 Invar 40 x 10 -5-. 5°. The pressure drop calculations are based on the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation with the following parameters: Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40. 125. 2. The k-factor is just a multiplier that provides a precise estimate of the new position of the neutral axis. Base part number is shown. 1 8. Bending aluminium is even more complex, since aluminium is less ductile than steel. ) representing the length change per degree per unit length, e. This treatment increases the surface hardness by a factor of four to five, improving resistance to wear, corrosion, and fatigue, with significant retained ductility. 2 (16. ASME. 301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. The coefficient. Hardcover. 15 K = 0. ξ = minor loss coefficient Δ p minor_loss = minor pressure loss (Pa (N/m 2 ), psf (lb/ft 2 ) ) . Usually, we secure the screws with Loctite 242. Along with it they also learn the concept of fracture toughness. 4(32) for corrugated stainless steel tubing, and. 50 r/d=0. 6 8-32 Stainless Steel Fasteners Material Length of Thread Engagement (in) Experimental Torque Applied (in-lb) Calculated Torque From Tables (in-lb) 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” between 57-60 77. Fracture toughness. A2 Stainless Steel; Set Screws. MOLYKOTE® 1000 Paste. Resistors and resistor wire, used for zero. 0 K-factor. h: heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m 2 K)Emissivity is a measure of the efficiency in which a surface emits thermal energy. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Mater. H Stainless Steel Tube 67 I PVC – Series 1 71 J PVC – Series 2 103 K Polyethylene119 L Polyethylene – Rural 180 M Aluminium 182 N Rubber Hose 184 O Concrete 189. The term “schedule” refers to the minimum wall thickness of the steel pipe. As a result, carbon steel, which contains little chromium, is harder, but. a K Factor of 2. The Total Materia database contains many thousands of stainless steel materials across a large range of countries and standards. Pipe Entrance Inward Projecting 0. Globally, 304 accounts for more than 50% of stainless steel consumed. Steel is an iron alloy that contains between 0. table - i : material of construction table - ii : approval data k-factor spray angle model & approvals mv-a brass, without strainer mv-as brass, with strainer mv-b stainlessAISI Type 316 Stainless Steel, annealed sheet. where k is a constant 8. /25 mm Safe practices and proper installation are imperative to the performance of the Swagelok tube fitting, especially in critical applications. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. Metric K-factor shown is for use when pressure is measured in bar. This name refers to the average composition, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. 1. Because SS304 contains 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni), it’s also known as 18/8 stainless steel. They are classified into martensitic, austenitic, and ferritic steels based on their crystalline structure. PENDENT APPROVALS/LISTINGS SIN V2801 V4201 V2708 V3406 Nominal K Factor Imperial 2. . The diameter of a dimple should be no more than 6 times the material thickness. With this equation, if you know K, F and D, you can multiply them to get the torque needed to tighten the bolt so that it has the right amount of tension. 33 K factor 0. MODEL F1 - Stainless Steel H - Bronze MOUNTING Pendent MAXIMUM WORKING 12 bar (175 psi) PRESSURE RECOMMENDED 2. stainless steel with good general corrosion resistance. The indicated residual pressures are based on the nominal K-factor. Stainless Steel Pickling. The maximum temperature increase relative to the environment inside the enclosure can be determined from the following equation: (Ti-Tu) = Qv / (k*A) Where:The results demonstrate that, generally, Nitinol K wires have a shorter life for the same applied stress than the stainless steel or titanium wires. This means that the neutral axis cannot migrate past the midpoint of the material (i. 2. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. Spanish / español. K-factors can be determined by using the following equation: K = Q/P 1/2, where K is represented by gallons per minute, or gpm/psi 1/2, Q is flow rate in gpm. copper 0. 998. We bend lots of stainless, which in terms of hardness, is. μ = Ff / Fn. 93 g/cm3 (0. Thermal conductivity coefficients for insulation materials, aluminum, asphalt, brass, copper, steel, gases and more. 8. The friction loss for each bend is: Δ p f f = ζ x 1 2 ρ w x 2 = 673. com K factor depends on material, thickness and machine. Our Passivation and Pickling services include the following main processes: Stainless steel pickling, stainless steel passivation, and carbon steel pickling. As a general rule of thumb, one can associate the following k-factors with the following: k-factor of 7: Aluminum; k-factor of 5: Steel; k-factor of 3: Welds; SN-Curve adjustments due to Mean Stress. For horsepower at the motor (HPm), use formula: HPm = HPC/E. 0015 : 0. 33 for each. 8 Square Head;. But when it comes to entering K Factor for Mild Steel and Stainless Steel it gets confusing as this affects the blank size. American Society for Metals ASM International ASM World Headquarters 9639. Take the bend allowance as 2. SS 304 is non-magnetic under annealing conditions, but after cold working (such as stamping, stretching, bending, rolling), part of the. Most of our threaded connections use thread inserts of some kind, mostly helicoil, or PEM. 3. 0) is cold-rolled steel; 304 stainless steel has a factor of 3. ) Tightening Torque min max min max min max min maxThe K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. less steel types are designated by the American Iron and Steel Institute as standard compositions. 6)We are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. Material. But whether you call it K-factor, Y-factor, or neutral factor, if you’re working with us,. MIL-PRF-907F; Service. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water. Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). steel research international is a metallurgy journal for the research and development of steel and related materials. The calculations referenced in Paragraph 304. 6 8-32 Stainless Steel Fasteners Material Length of Thread Engagement (in) Experimental Torque Applied (in-lb) Calculated Torque From Tables (in-lb) 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” between 57-60 77. Hot Working. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400, SS 304) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most widely used stainless steel, containing 18-20% Cr and 8-10. Step-3: Value of Bend Deduction and Flat pattern are shown in Result Section. 6 K-factor (K80) and 8. 0 K-factor (K115) varieties and three temperature ratings, including 280 F (137. Bend allowance chart for SECC (galvanized steel sheet). 432, R=plate thickness, unfold size can accurate to 0. 0. Step 1a: Choose Installation Type. ANTI-SEIZE Stainless does not contain copper and exhibits extremely low sulphur and chlorine. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Steel: 90: 110 – Galvanized iron: 120: 120: Polyethylene: 140: 140: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 150: 150: Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) 150: 150:Sheet Metal Gauge Chart. [1] It is a measure of the rate of heat transfer inside a material. Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units. A typical uncertainty in the roughness values can be assumed to be in the range ± − 30 -50 %. 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. 8 billion tons produced per year. Pipe Material e (mm) e (ft) Glass, drawn brass, copper (new) 0. Step 1: Choose Meter Type. It comes with option of several k-factors and spray angles and. In our case, we will use the table for ALUMINUM-INCH. 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: lb?Nominal K-factor: 25. E. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. For 4 or 5 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. 0 μm level mostly of Fe 3 O 4 with some of α-Fe 2 O 3, which means. Part Number: 13500. Choose Installation Type. Approvals. This table combines the bend allowance and bend deduction table so you can specify gauge values. The nut factor, K, sums up the combined effects of many variables affecting. 2. 2 P a. See More Items from this Family (3)We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Enter the area of contact, A = 1. Riveted steel (new) 0. Source: STEEL PRODUCTS MANUAL, STAINLESS AND HEAT RE-SISTING STEELS, DECEMBER 1974, American Iron andThe K values given below are for making estimates of friction loss in cases not covered in the previous tables. 3-0. Zinc Plated Steel. This is also called the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, resistance coefficient, or simply friction factor. It has units of m 2 /s. K factor is the ratio between the distance between the inside radius of the bend and the neutral axis to the sheet thickness. Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart . The heat transfer convection coefficient for air is 50 W/m 2 K . 0, 115 metric. 2 W/m·K at 100 °C (9. To enhance its properties, alloying elements can be added to steel. 1 - Stainless Steel Approved Escutcheons X - Standard surface-mounted escutcheons Footnotes 1. To find the thermal resistance and overall heat transfer coefficient: Select the mode of heat transfer, conduction and convection (on both sides). 16. The total friction loss for the 10 bends is. 316 Stainless Steel. 5% chromium, the oxide film is of insufficient durability. Then under Bend Allowance section select this new custom. Choose the appropriate sheet metal gauge table. Liner profiles The degree of thermal bridging due to the liner profilesafety-factor systems: Further tighten the nut until the tube will not turn by hand or move axially in the fitting. Overall heat transfer coefficient is expressed as W/m2 °C or kcal/h, m2 °C. The nozzle is available in brass, stainless steel 316 and aluminium bronze construction. Super strong with added corrosion resistance. Next we simply need to choose the specified gauge of 10. The most common grade of austenitic stainless steel is 304 (1. It occurs in the formula known as Hollomon's equation (after John Herbert Hollomon Jr. VK338, VK339 - Microfast QR Stainless Steel Sprinklers (K5. 14 8. How much material will be needed to create said bend? We already have all the information we need to calculate it from the bend allowance formula. Next we simply need to choose the specified gauge of 10. Compared to the k-factor (for the neutral axis shift), the K-factor is a breeze to calculate. Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. Type 302 stainless steel is basically a higher carbon version of type 304, a variant of 18-8 stainless steel. Minor or dynamic pressure loss in pipe or tube system components can be expressed as. It has been proven. I am primarily processing stainless steel, 304 and 316, with a range of thickness from 1. 01 (m) and Reynolds number Re = 10 7 - the relative rougness can be calculated as. If the reduction is a concern with a standard Inductive sensor there are specialty Inductive sensor such as Factor 1 sensors that will detect ferrous an non-ferrous material at the. The recommended binder pressure for round draws of low-carbon draw-quality steel is 600 pounds per lineal inch around the post (draw post diameter x 3. Linear thermal expansion for some common metals: Metals - Temperature Expansion Coefficients. A black body is a material that is a perfect emitter of heat energy and has an emissivity value of 1. Please note that because of the variation in roughness in these materials depending on the source, the roughness values reported here have uncertainties ranging from ± 20 % for new wrought Iron to ± 70 % for riveted steel. K Factor: 8. If a K-factor is 0. Coefficients of friction between materials are best determined through. Stainless steel 304 has good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service up to 870°C and in continuous service to 925°C. Relative roughness can be expressed as. 446. DIN 6912-8. R-values are additive. Monel alloy 400 has a specific gravity of 8. Some of the many variables causing problems are. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form. The thermal conductivity coefficient k is a material parameter depending on temperature, physical properties of the material, water content, and the pressure on the material [3]. The internal roughness of a pipe is an important factor when considering the friction losses of a fluid moving through the pipe. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. M 12, with starting torque Ma = 62Nm and heat treatment at 540°C 1,004°F), 21hr, bolt material: no. 7 333 8 in-lbs 10 in-lbs 858 18 in-lbs 20 in-lbs 27 in-lbs 1228 25 in-lbs 29 in-lbs 39 in-lbs 1436 29 in-lbs 34 in-lbs 45 in-lbs 5 0. f = Friction Factor. 0 K-factor Stain - less Steel Pendent Sprinkler cannot be installed in a recess pendent arrangement. A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)In this section, all available elevated temperature material test results on stainless steel alloys are analysed in order to obtain accurate strength reduction factors (k 0. 6) Technical Data Sheet. The CTE employs reciprocal temperature units (K-1, °F-1, °C-1, etc. 33 K factor 0. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius, and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. The K-factor is defined as the distribution of the component between the hydrate and the gas ( Carroll, 2014 ): (8. Stainless Steel & Rust; How to Clean. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. 7 C). k = roughness of duct, pipe or tube surface (m, ft)Traditionally, the wear of materials has been characterized by weight loss and wear rate. Useful Tables 1033 Table A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for Bending of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole Source: R. Bend allowance chart for SPHC (stainless steel) 4. 16. A common example of this is austenitic stainless steel/ferritic steel pipe butt joints used in energy-conversion plants. 0. How to link the K-Factor and Sheet Metal Rule Style being used to the drawing. 35. EN 12201 - Polyethylene (PE) Pipes for Water Supply, and for Drainage and Sewerage under Pressure - Dimensions Dimensions of PE pipes according EN 12201. 3 in. 7 min read. Neutral Axis Representation. Now what? What. The lockwasher serves as a spring while the bolt is being tightened. Therefore, the potential energy is smaller by a factor of 10. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. 1: Titanium Alloys: Material: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: 10-6 (°C)-1: 10-6. 2% to 2. Stainless steel is a type of steel that contains less than 2% carbon (C) and more than 2% iron. Multiple escutcheon options allow up to 1/2-inch (12,7-mm. Here we need to discuss: Non-Lubricated Bolts (a. The coefficient k is measured in watts per meter Kelvin (or degree) (W/mK). Other guidelines to remember when the processing draw reductions are:Thread Coeff friction Preload (Kn) property class Tightening torque (Nm) property class Min. The lowest expansion is found in the iron-nickel alloys such as Invar. The K Factor Calculator uses the thickness of the material, bend angle, inside radius, and bend allowance to find the K factor. The effective length (K) factor of a member in compression is dependent on the support conditions at each end. K-Factor transformers are designed not to eliminate harmonics, but to withstand their negative effects. 16. Stainless Steel: 304ss, 316ss, 410ss. The bending tool has a radius of 30 mm which means that our Inside Bend Radius (R) is 30 mm. W. 5% and allowable stress 16000 psi - can with quality factor E for steel 0. This specification covers chromium, chromium-nickel, and chromium-manganese-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for basic. Overview. Includes additional data and reference information carefully. 10 0. 4(28) for iron pipe or equivalent rigid pipe, in Table 402. Note: Don’t confuse K-Factor with low coefficient of friction, which is not used for this calculation. Another way to calculate this value is with the K-factor or Y-factor. S. Using the K-factor calculator. 115 0. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. K Factor. 0 6. In simple terms, R-values measure the effectiveness of insulation and a higher number represents more effective insulation. A slenderness ratio greater than. 141). /°F or mm/mm/°C. CTE 15. 8 4. VK605 - Microfast® EC/QREC Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler (K5. 5-inch w. Water - Thermal Conductivity vs. Figure 2: Diagram depicting the location of steel in an airplane. 16. The tool can be used for any flow type. 62. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effectiveness. 0 K-factor. Table 8: Sample Torque Calculation with varying K Factor. 38: 0. The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor on maximum service temperature. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. 286 lb/in3), melting point is 1400-1450 °C (2550-2650 °F), thermal conductivity is 16. Knowing the k-factor formula is essential in order to bend any kind of sheet metal correctly; in fact, it varies according to the type of material to be deformed. K factor synonyms, K factor pronunciation, K factor translation, English dictionary definition of K factor. It is derived from high cycle fatigue tests by applying a load at constant amplitude (also S-N test) to DIN 50100, and is divided into the regions of low cycle fatigue K, finite life fatigue Z and high cycle fatigue. μ = static (μ s) or kinetic (μ k) frictional coefficient. v = Velocity of the incompressible fluid. 6 and 8. 5–1° whereas the same thickness sheet with a ±68 mm bend radius can have springback as much as 30°. BD = (2 x OSSB) – BA. Capacities in thousands of Btu per hour of undiluted liquefied petroleum gases based on a pressure drop of 0. Dry Torque) Partially Lubricated Bolts; Properly Lubricated Bolts; But before we talk about these items, or get to our torque chart, it is imperative you understand the working definition of K-Factor (or “Nut Factor”). 01 m) = 0. . phosphor-bronze, stainless steel, and K-Monel. 3 Thermal Conductivity. Continue to determine the radius of gyration r according to the cross-section of the column: r = √(I / A). Stainless Steel: Water: 120: 680: 1 Btu/ft 2 hr o F = 5. 20 Ecoguard K = 0. View Product. Cold rolled steel: 0. 05. There’s a lot that goes into this value and various factors that affect it, many of which we covered. Stainless Steel 316 . Davis, Davis & Associates (Ed. In general, a material with a large k is a good heat. 2, as per my machine design textbook (V. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. Temperaturepressure regulators—k series 1 pipe, weld, vcr, vco fittings standard tubing modular systemd hose / flexible tubing bellows, diaphragm valves ball plug valves check relief valves needle metering valves k sries rgulars instrument systems manifold measurement devices references medium- high- pressure tube fittings pressure regulators k seriesThis will have an effective length factor K associated. For structural steel A36, the limits for the slenderness ratio are: For short columns: 40 ≤ (KL/r) For intermediate columns. Stainless steel 1kg = 6. 4408, DIN X5CrNiMo17122, TGL 39672 X5CrNiMo1911, TGL 7143X5CrNiMo1811, ISO 2604-1 F62, ISO 2604-2 TS60, ISO 2604-2 TS61, ISO 2604-4. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. Hazen-Williams Coefficients Table. 33Table 3. 304 Stainless Steel. Max PSI. 7 6061-T6 Aluminum 1/2" between 60-65 41. The table at. K-factor (centrifugation), relative pelleting efficiency. 032 0. With this equation, if you know K, F and D, you can multiply them to get the torque needed to tighten the bolt so that it has the right amount of tension. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state.